Representation Theorists

• Barthes - masculinity
• Mulvey- women
• Butler - gender
• Lippman - stereotyping
• Schollhammer - mr men books
• Gaintlett - representation + Lego

Representations of:

age 

gender

ethnicity

religion

sexuality

disability

nation

region

issues

events

4 Categories:

- The character - gender, ethnicity, age, sexuality, look 

- The collective cultural background and views of the producer/director/institution

- The audiences reaction to / reading of the character

- Where and when the representations take place

Richard Dyer: 'how we are seen determines how we are treated, how we treat others is based on how we see them. how we see them comes from presentations' e.g Geordie shore

Lippman:

- he believes that stereotyping is useful

- ordering process: categorisations, generalisations and typifications 

- short cut: gives the audience a shot-cut so that they can tell the story quicker

- Referece: as a

Schollhammer:

- she looks at masculinity based on the mr men stories 

- e.g little miss busy cleans the house, and my busy can do things quicker and he also built the house showing he could be more productive than she is  

- scouting for girls she's so lovely video

Laura Mulvey:

- she looked at the 'gaze'

- she said that everything you watch is from the perspective of a male

- male gaze - term to describe the empowerment experience by the male audience when they look upon a female because the female character is objectified  

- describes men as predators, men looking upon women like fresh meat

- identification: when the audience recognises an aspect of themselves within a character

-scopophilia: pleasure from watching. can be linked to pornography and horror films e.g law abiding citizen (character kills victim who can see himself being killed)

- the spectator gaze: updating the theory to incorporate a wider demographic of audience than the heterosexual males assumed by the theory to begin with.